The carbon nanotubes are metallic or semiconducting and have a strap gap energy according to the direction along which the graphene sheet rolls up with respect to the 2D honeycomb lattice, and the diameter of the tube. CBM and viral parts, and the Ginkgolide C proposed prevention, treatment, and diagnostics uses. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Omicron, Graphene, Carbon, Antivirals, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology Graphical abstract Open in a separate window 1.?Intro This century has witnessed no additional global emergency while critical while the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccines have successfully controlled this pandemic, nevertheless, as a result of the typical viral capacity to quickly adapt and mutate, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) offers infected almost 670 million individuals worldwide (January 2023) [1]. The current variant of concern (VoC) Omicron offers more than 30 mutations in the spike protein, the outer and first protein experienced by cells and surfaces interacting with the disease. Omicron has also transformed the pathogenic mechanism by using a different cell access route, i. e reducing cell syncytia and favoring a cellular transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2)-self-employed endosomal access [1,2]. To control this continually growing microorganism, both in terms of structure and mode of illness and distributing, nanotechnology scientists and market stakeholders have worked with clinicians to produce solutions for diagnostics, prevention and treatment [3]. Actually the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic offers highlighted the importance of nanomaterials technology in offering fresh Ginkgolide C tools for antiviral study (Fig. 1 from Ref. [4]): nanomaterials can limit viral distributing and environmental contamination; nanosensors are extremely sensitive in diagnostic and finally, nanocarriers can be exploited for treatment and vaccine design. Open in a separate window Fig. 1 Material technology helps in the creation and improvement of protecting products, and materials techniques and methods for analyzing SARS-CoV-2, such as high-resolution imaging, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of solitary nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as well as protein analysis for disease detection. Furthermore, material technology can be employed for the development of vaccine and delivery systems, as well as providing advanced materials for medical tools like filters for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) machines. Modified with permission from Ref. [4]. (A colour version of this figure can be viewed online.) Among nanoparticles, graphene and more generally carbon-based materials (CBM) have been widely studied in the last 15 years in the field of microbiology. CBM unique mechanisms of connection with microbial varieties have initially captivated a broad interest as a possible answer to the antibiotic resistance emergency, and the studies carried out before 2020 have served mainly because a valuable encounter for SARS-CoV-2 studies [[5], [6], [7], [8]]. Mechanisms of bacteria-killing by CBM involve reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation or membrane disruption [9] and even if viral particles are smaller (?100?nm vs microns) and lack metabolism, or have a different outer envelope structure compared to bacteria or fungi, we have learned, as nanomaterials scientists, ideas about in vivo protein corona formation [10,11], nanoparticle stability and immune relationships Rabbit Polyclonal to GAK beneficial for SARS-CoV-2 fighting [[12], [13], [14]]. Analyzing literature data on graphene, the primarily analyzed Ginkgolide C member of the CBM family, before 2019 and during the last three years of pandemics, we observe a razor-sharp increase in the study of viruses and graphene, graphene detectors or material for personal protecting equipment production (Fig. 2 ). CBM-based detectors in diagnostic are highly advanced and some available detectors might just be revised for SARS-CoV-2 specific antigens. Open in a separate windowpane Fig. 2 Literature data on graphene before and after SARS-CoV-2 pandemics from Scopus database. Search has been carried out in Scopus (January 2023, Publication type: Article). Each point represents the following yr: 2019; 2020; 2021; 2022C2023. Terms in the 1st column have been looked in Title-abstract-keyword. Num/total refers to the number of publications per year on the total publications about graphene. Percentage increase (Boost %) has been calculated comparing publications of 2022C2023 and 2019. (A colour version of this figure can be viewed online.) With this Review, we will discuss the part of CBM nanomaterials in SARS-CoV-2 study. We will start with the physicochemical characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 particles, especially Ginkgolide C size and charge that influence the connection with cells and with CBM family members, which are an impressive catalog of size and chemistry. We will then examine the explained mechanisms of connection of CBM and SARS-CoV-2 proposed primarily in the last.